DISTRIBUTED PROPERTIES OF MULTI-CONDUCTOR LOW VOLTAGE CABLES AT 2–500 kHz: NETWORK ANALYSIS BY FOUR-TERMINAL SENSING, TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY AND IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS

The first step in modelling a real grid in the frequency range 2–500 kHz is discussed in this paper. The distributed parameters of the equivalent transmission line (TL) model are determined combining the benefits of three techniques: Four-terminal (4T) sensing is used to evaluate resistances, time-domain reflectometry (TDR) to determine lengths of cables, and impedance (Z) measurements to estimate inductances and capacitances. Finally, a measurement of the network impedance is performed in order to have a more complete view of the behaviour of the network.