On numerical energy conservation for an implicit particle-in-cell method coupled with a binary Monte-Carlo algorithm for Coulomb collisions

Conventional particle-in-cell (PIC) methods suffer from enhanced numerical heating (explicit PIC) or cooling (semi-implicit PIC) when coupled with a binary Monte-Carlo algorithm for Coulomb collisions. In this work, a fully-implicit 0-PIC scheme (with adjustable time-biasing parameter 1/2 <= theta < 1) is considered. The discrete change in energy of a closed system after a time step for this scheme scales with (1/2 - theta) C-theta, where C-theta is a positive definite quantity that depends on the frequency spectrum of the energy in the fields. Collisions lead to additional energy in the field fluctuations associated with high-frequency light waves produced by a numerical Bremsstrahlung process, which can result in a large increase in the numerical cooling rate for theta > 1/2. However, for theta = 1/2, energy is exactly conserved. The energy in the field fluctuations on long time scales agrees with that calculated using the equipartition theorem for a classical system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Published by Elsevier Inc.