Cytokine profiles in cord blood in relation to prenatal traffic-related air pollution: The NELA cohort

Background Outdoor air pollution may disturb immune system development. We investigated whether gestational exposure to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) is associated with unstimulated cytokine profiles in newborns. Methods Data come from 235 newborns of the NELA cohort. Innate response-related cytokines (IL-6, IFN-alpha, IL1-beta, and TNF-alpha), Th1-related (IFN-gamma and IL-2), Th2-related (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), Th17-related (IL-17 and IL-23), and immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 were quantified in the supernatant of unstimulated whole umbilical cord blood cells after 7 days of culture using the Luminex technology. Dispersion/chemical transport modeling was used to estimate long-term (whole pregnancy and trimesters) and short-term (15 days before delivery) residential exposures to traffic-related nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and ozone (O-3). We fitted multivariable logistic regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models. Results NO2 during the whole pregnancy increased the odds of detection of IL-1 beta (OR per 10 mu g/m(3) increase = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.02, 1.85) and IL-6 (OR per 10 mu g/m(3) increase = 1.32; 95% CI 1.00, 1.75). Increased odds of detected concentrations of IL-10 was found in newborns exposed during whole pregnancy to higher levels of NO2 (OR per 10 mu g/m(3) increase = 1.30; 95% CI 0.99, 1.69), PM10 (OR per 10 mu g/m(3) increase = 1.49; 95% CI 0.95, 2.33), and PM2.5 (OR per 5 mu g/m(3) increase = 1.56; 95% CI 0.97, 2.51). Exposure to O-3 during the whole pregnancy increased the odds of detected IL-13 (OR per 10 mu g/m(3) increase = 1.22; 95% CI 1.01, 1.49). WQS model revealed first and third trimesters of gestation as windows of higher susceptibility. Conclusions Gestational exposure to TRAP may increase detection of pro-inflammatory, Th2-related, and T regulatory cytokines in newborns. These changes might influence immune system responses later in life.