Cement-based batteries design and performance. A review

Lithium batteries are increasingly used to store energy, but are limited by high cost, safety concerns, leaking of electrolytes, and low capacity. Recently, cement-based batteries have emerged as a viable alternative to lithium batteries. Indeed, the porous structure of cement and cement microcracks provide routes for ionic solutions to pass through. Here, we review cement-based batteries with focus on methods to design batteries for optimal performance.