Organometal halide perovskite photovoltaics

The continuous increase in energy consumption is a challenge that humans must address within the next 50 years. The use of carbon-free energy resources is important owing to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the effects of climate change. The shift to a low-carbon economy can be realized using photovoltaic cells. Developing solar cells predominantly focuses on silicon-based assemblies, which have high processing costs and require energy-demanding facilities to fabricate. These costs must be quickly reduced to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. This will involve the use of novel and ecofriendly materials that are less expensive than silicon. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a suitable alternative. Perovskite is identified by defect tolerance, where extreme caution is not required in device production. This feature enhances the application feasibility of varying cost effective manufacturing strategies. The efficiency of PSCs has rapidly increased, and the long-term operational stability of PSCs is now the major focus of commercialization and market adoption. Developing innovative strategies and materials to increase the stability of small- and large-scale solar modules without compromising power conversion efficiency is difficult. This book chapter clarifies the subject from the fundamentals to device engineering and discusses challenges and future research directions to fabricate highly stable PSCs. A majority of the existing challenges are expected to be referred to in the coming years, allowing for the commercialization of PSCs. This book chapter discusses and provides contribution in both academia and industry.