Supplementary Practices Improving Holstein Cattle Performance During Hot Seasons

T he climatic change was identified as one of the main challenges that facing the dairy chain through all different chain points in the hot climate.Climate change effects started at feed handling, milk production, milk handling, and ended by packaging and handling of products or even conserving milk to reach consumers (Martinsohn & Hansen, 2012).Heat stress is the main problem facing dairy producers and industries that influence cow production, performance, and animal welfare (Atrian & Shahryar, 2012;Hansen, 2013;Bernabucci et al., 2014;Lees et al., 2019) and it harmed the efficiency and profitability of the dairy enterprises (Esposito et al., 2014;Sammad et al., 2020).Moreover, Tao et al. (2018) reported that milk yield is decreased, and the milk somatic cell count (SCC)