The Amidella clade in Europe (Amanita Pers., Basidiomycota: Amanitaceae): clarification of the contentious Amanita valens and the importance of taxon-specific PCR primers for identification

The species in genus Amanita section Amidella form a well-defined clade, but some taxa remain difficult to discriminate. In particular, the concept of Amanita valens (E.-J. Gilbert) Bertault remains controversial. To understand the phylogenetic placement of a set of collections from South Portugal with a novel nrDNA barcode, we have obtained nrDNA sequences for previously unassessed type collections. The taxon formerly described as Amanita curtipes f. pseudovalens Neville & Poumarat is interpreted as a separate species, Amanita pseudovalens (Neville & Poumarat) Arraiano-Castilho et al . comb. et stat. nov., and is genetically indistinct from the Portuguese collections, thus clarifying their taxonomic context. However, our collections are morphologically and ecologically distinct (respectively, ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores and association with Cistus on acidic schist soils), and are proposed as a new variety, Amanita pseudovalens var. tartessiana Arraiano-Castilho et al .. These developments also enable a better diagnosis of Amidella taxa in Europe, a progress that is most decisive for the late Winter to Spring season collections, and identification keys are proposed. However, the co-occurrence and morphological similarity of the new variety, in comparison with the prized edible Amanita ponderosa Malençon & Heim, could leave some collections of either taxa unresolved. Thus, a molecular marker approach was developed, to provide a clear and cost-effective identification aid to complement the keys. The proposed diagnostic tools can be applied toward a review of European Amidella taxa chorology from existing records, conserved materials, and future collections. Evolutionary convergence may contribute to the determination difficulties in the Amidella clade. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.