Effectiveness of rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV vaccines for risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and death due to COVID-19 in people older than 60 years in Argentina: a test-negative, case-control, and retrospective longitudinal study

Background In January, 2021, a vaccination campaign against COVID-19 was initiated with the rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV vaccines in Argentina. The objective of this study was to estimate vaccine effectiveness at reducing risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 deaths in people older than 60 years. Methods In this test-negative, case-control, and retrospective longitudinal study done in Argentina, we evaluated the effectiveness of three vaccines (rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV) on SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of death in people with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19, using data from the National Surveillance System (SNVS 2.0). All individuals aged 60 years or older reported to SNVS 2.0 as being suspected to have COVID-19 who had disease status confirmed with RT-PCR were included in the study. Unvaccinated individuals could participate in any of the analyses. People with suspected COVI D-19 who developed symptoms before the start of the implementation of the vaccination programme for their age group or district were excluded from the study. The odds ratio of SARS-CoV-2 infection was evaluated by logistic regression and the risk of death in individuals with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 was evaluated by proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for possible confounders: age at the time of the symptom onset date, sex, district of residence, epidemiological week corresponding to the symptom onset date, and history of COVID-19. The estimation of vaccine effectiveness to prevent death due to COVID-19 was done indirectly by combining infection and death estimates. In addition, we evaluated the effect of the first dose of viral vector vaccines across time. Findings From Jan 31, to Sept 14, 2021,1282928 individuals were induded, of whom 687167 (53.6%) were in the rAd26-rAd5 analysis, 358431 (27.6%) in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 analysis, and 237330 (18.5%) in the BBIBP-CorV analysis. Vaccine effectiveness after two doses was high for all three vaccines, adjusted odds ratio 0.36 (95% CI 0.35-0.37) for rAd26-rAd5, 0.32 (0.31-0.33) for ChAdOxi nCoV-19, and 0.56 (0.55-0.58) for BBIBP-CorV. After two doses, the effect on deaths was higher than that on risk of infection: adjusted hazard ratio 0.19 (95% CI 0.18-0.21) for rAd26-rAd5, 0.20 (0.18-0.22) for ChAdOxl nCoV-19, and 0.27 (0.25-0.29) for BBIBP-CorV. The indirectly estimated effectiveness on deaths was 93.1% (95% CI 92.6-93.5) for rAd26-rAd5, 93.7% (93.2-94.3) for ChAdOxi nCoV-19, and 85.0% (84-0-86.0) for BBIBP-CorV following two doses. First dose effect of viral vector vaccines remained stable over time. Interpretation The vaccines used in Argentina showed effectiveness in reducing infection and death by SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Copyright (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.