High-fidelity imaging of amyloid-beta deposits with an ultrasensitive fluorescent probe facilitates the early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Background: Imaging amyloid-beta (A beta) deposits with high fidelity in naturally aging brains is crucial for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, this is impeded by the lack of highly sensitive probes. Methods: By conducting computational modelling to quantitatively fine-tune the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) tendency of Thioflavin T (ThT) analogues, we developed an ultrasensitive probe AH-2. AH-2 retained the binding affinity and binding mode of ThT towards A beta deposits, and exhibited ca 10-fold less background fluorescence and 5-10 folds of improved signal-to-background contrast upon binding A beta deposits. These desirable features endowed AH-2 the sensitivity to detect A beta deposition in naturally aging wild-type mice. Results: AH-2 imaging revealed that A beta puncta signals appeared near the nuclei in young mice and spread through the intracellular and extracellular compartments in older mice. Moreover, A beta deposits were observed to emerge earlier in mice cerebral cortex than in the hippocampus region. Given this desirable sensitivity and good spatiotemporal resolution, AH-2 was successfully applied in the preclinical evaluation of A beta-targeted treatment by melatonin. Conclusions: We expect that AH-2 is promising for early diagnosis of AD and will serve as a sensitive tool for studying A beta-related AD pathology.