Quantification of Minimal Disease by Digital PCR in ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Step towards Risk Stratification in International Trials?

Simple Summary Detection of minimal disease in blood or bone marrow is associated with high relapse risk in children with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). The persistence of minimal residual disease after one course of chemotherapy indicates a relapse risk of 80%. While quantification of minimal disease might further improve the identification of high-risk patients, the assays used for quantification currently are not transferable between multiple laboratories. We aimed to test a digital PCR method (dPCR) for comparison of minimal disease quantification between two laboratories and the usefulness of quantification for risk stratification of children with ALCL. Quantification of minimal disease by dPCR was concordant between laboratories and allowed identification of patients at very high risk for relapse. Qualitative detection of minimal residual disease after one course of chemotherapy sufficed to identify children at the highest risk of treatment failure. International dissemination of this assay will allow patient selection for new targeted treatment approaches. Minimal disseminated and residual disease (MDD/MRD) analyzed by qualitative PCR for NPM-ALK fusion transcripts are validated prognostic factors in pediatric ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Although potentially promising, MDD quantification by quantitative real-time PCR in international trials is technically challenging. Quantification of early MRD might further improve risk stratification. We aimed to assess droplet digital PCR for quantification of minimal disease in an inter-laboratory setting in a large cohort of 208 uniformly treated ALCL patients. Inter-laboratory quality control showed high concordance. Using a previously described cut-off of 30 copies NPM-ALK/10(4) copies ABL1 (NCN) in bone marrow and peripheral blood, MDD quantification allowed identification of very high-risk patients (5-year PFS% 34 +/- 5 for patients with >= 30 NCN compared to 74 +/- 6 and 76 +/- 5 for patients with negative or <30 NCN, respectively, p < 0.0001). While MRD positivity was confirmed as a prognostic marker for the detection of very high-risk patients in this large study, quantification of MRD fusion transcripts did not improve stratification. PFS% was 80 +/- 5 and 73 +/- 6 for MDD- and MRD-negative patients, respectively, versus 35 +/- 10 and 16 +/- 8 for MRD-positive patients with <30 and >= 30 NCN, p < 0.0001. Our results suggest that MDD quantification by dPCR enables improved patient stratification in international clinical studies and patient selection for early clinical trials already at diagnosis.