Ontologies and Knowledge Graphs in Oncology Research

Simple Summary Cancer is a complex phenomenon and cancer research is increasingly data-rich. Representing this knowledge in a manner that is both human and computer-friendly can help manage and analyze the high volumes of complex cancer data that are created by scientific research and health care. This review looks at the last decade of works on using ontologies-computational representations of knowledge-in cancer, describing their contributions and achievements and charting a path for future research in this area. The complexity of cancer research stems from leaning on several biomedical disciplines for relevant sources of data, many of which are complex in their own right. A holistic view of cancer-which is critical for precision medicine approaches-hinges on integrating a variety of heterogeneous data sources under a cohesive knowledge model, a role which biomedical ontologies can fill. This study reviews the application of ontologies and knowledge graphs in cancer research. In total, our review encompasses 141 published works, which we categorized under 14 hierarchical categories according to their usage of ontologies and knowledge graphs. We also review the most commonly used ontologies and newly developed ones. Our review highlights the growing traction of ontologies in biomedical research in general, and cancer research in particular. Ontologies enable data accessibility, interoperability and integration, support data analysis, facilitate data interpretation and data mining, and more recently, with the emergence of the knowledge graph paradigm, support the application of Artificial Intelligence methods to unlock new knowledge from a holistic view of the available large volumes of heterogeneous data.