High-performance Broadband Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy of 2D Materials and Thin Magnetic Films

A Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) technique is presented for measurements on the micrometer scale. Spectral acquisition speeds of about two orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art modulation spectroscopy setups are demonstrated. The experimental method is based on charge-coupled-device detection, avoiding speed-limiting components, such as polarization modulators with lock-in amplifiers. At the same time, FRS spectra are obtained with a sensitivity of 20 mu rad ( 0.001 degrees) over a broad spectral range (525-800 nm), which is on par with state-of-the-art polarization-modulation techniques. The new measurement and analysis technique also automatically cancels unwanted Faraday rotation backgrounds. Using the setup, Faraday rotation spectroscopy of excitons is performed in a hexagonal boron nitride-encapsulated atomically thin semiconductor WS2 under magnetic fields of up to 1.4 T at room temperature and liquid helium temperature. An exciton g-factor of -4.4 +/- 0.3 is determined at room temperature, and -4.2 +/- 0.2 at liquid helium temperature. In addition, FRS and hysteresis loop measurements are performed on a 20 nm thick film of an amorphous magnetic Tb20Fe80 alloy.