Holographic Description of the Dissipative Model of Universe with Curvature

We investigate the accelerated expansion of the late-time universe in the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric with nonzero curvature, applying a holographic principle based on a generalized holographic dark energy model introduced by Nojiri and Odintsov (2005, 2006). We describe the evolution of the universe using a generalized equation of state in the presence of a viscous fluid. Solutions of the gravitational equation of motions are obtained in explicit form for a constant value of the thermodynamic parameter, and for various forms of the bulk viscosity. We calculate analytic expressions for infrared cut-offs in terms of the particle horizon, and derive the energy conservation law in the holographic picture. We show that the inclusion of nonzero curvature in the Friedmann equation leads to the appearance of additional singularities of type Big Rip in the Universe.