Numerical modelling of the quasi-brittle behaviour of refractory ceramics by considering microcracks effect

In the steelmaking industry, the inner lining of ladles is made of refractory ceramics, which are constantly subjected to thermal shocks during their service. Experimentally, it is observed that pre-existing microcracks could significantly increase the thermal shock resistance of these ceramics. The presence of such microcracks network within the refractory microstructure could lead to a non-linear quasi-brittle mechanical behaviour.