Thermodynamics of Ba(NO₃)₂(aq) to 393 K and solubilities in the reciprocal system Na⁺-Ba²⁺-Cl^--NO₃^- -H₂O with implications for salt damage

This paper reports on an ion interaction (Pitzer) model for the calculation of solution properties and phase equilibria in the binary system Ba(NO3)(2)-H2O valid in the temperature range (273-393) K. The interaction parameters were determined after critical assessment of available thermodynamic data of the system. In addition, the model parameters for the calculation of solubilities and activities in the quaternary reciprocal system Na+-Ba2+-Cl--NO3-H2O at near ambient temperatures are provided. New ternary interaction parameters are reported for the Na+-Ba2+-NO3-H2O, Na+-Ba2+-Cl--H2O and Ba2+-Cl--NO3-H2O systems. Predicted solubility diagrams in the full reciprocal quaternary systems are compared to available experimental data yielding good agreement. Finally, the impact of additional ions on the solubility and deliquescence behavior of Ba(NO3)(2)(cr) in terms of its contribution to crystallization damage processes in wall paintings and other porous materials is discussed. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd.