MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF FREE-RANGING AMERICAN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS) UNDERGOING REHABILITATION IN EASTERN TENNESSEE, USA, 1996-2021

Free-ranging American black bears (Ursus americanus) often share habitat with humans and domestic animals, predisposing them to anthropogenic conflicts. Rehabilitation under professional care is a management option for orphaned, injured, and/or ill bears. Across several southeastern states, rescued bears are assessed and treated at the University of Tennessee and rehabilitated at Appalachian Bear Rescue (ABR). Records from 1996-2021 showed 337 bears (170 males, 166 females, 1 unknown) from nine states were admitted to ABR. Three bears were admitted twice, resulting in 340 admissions (42 neonates <3 mo old, 206 cubs 3-12 mo, 87 yearlings 1-2 yr, and 5 adults >2 yr). Bears presented as orphans (58%), malnourished (24%), injured or ill (12%), or confiscated/other (6%). Individuals were returned to the wild (85%); died or were euthanized (12%); or were placed into professional care (3%). Of released bears, 195 had complete medical records available for evaluation; 31% were healthy upon intake while the remaining were treated successfully for malnutrition and internal parasites (49%), orthopedic (9%) and soft tissue injuries (5%), or other diseases (5%). Causes of death determined during necropsies performed (n=30) were classified as trauma (50%), developmental (13%), undetermined (13%), malnutrition (13%), infectious or inflammatory (7%), and toxicosis (3%). Despite the lack of maternal care and high prevalence of malnutrition and trauma, most bears recovered to release with appropriate husbandry and medical care. This study provides a foundation for research to further improve care of rehabilitating black bears.