Scale Development and Psychometric Evaluation of a Questionnaire for Measuring the Risk Factors for Death in Floods

Determination of the causes of flood-related deaths is the precondition for effective interventions aimed at the reduction of such deaths. There is a gap in the design and the development of a valid and reliable instrument for measuring underlying factors of death in the flood. This study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, item pool generation and questionnaire design were carried out through systematic review of literature and qualitative study. the initial questionnaire was divided into two parts of objective and subjective factors. In the second phase, the psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire included face, content, and construct validity in the subjective part. The reliability was also evaluated by calculating test–retest intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used for the data collected from 369 individuals in the flood-affected communities experiencing flood deaths. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 23. In the EFA, 33 items and seven dimensions were extracted that explained 57.82% of the variance of influential factors in flood death, including the cognition of the flood (four items), general knowledge (four items), public beliefs (four items), risk perception (nine items), attitude (five items), prevention (five items), and social norms (two items). The internal consistency of the instrument using Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.92. Finally, in order to perform the stability test, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for all questions. This was above .05 and acceptable. According to the results, the factors affecting flood death questionnaire (FAFDQ) could be used to make decisions, identify groups at risk of flood-related deaths, and implement flood-related death-reduction interventions. Indeed, these measures have led to the development of a comprehensive and reliable questionnaire for measuring the factors affecting flood deaths.