Retraction Retracted: Progesterone and Src Family Inhibitor PP1 Synergistically Inhibit Cell Migration and Invasion of Human Basal Phenotype Breast Cancer Cells

Basal phenotype breast cancer is one of the most aggressive breast cancers that frequently metastasize to brain. The role of sex hormones and their receptors in development of this disease is largely unclear. We demonstrated that mPR 𝛼 was expressed at a moderate level in a brain metastatic BPBC cell line MB231Br, which was derived from the parent mPR 𝛼 undetectable MB231 cells. It functionedasanessentialmediatorforprogesteroneinducedinhibitoryeffectsoncellmigrationofMB231Brand,whencoincubatedwithPP1,synergisticallyenhancedtheprogesterone’sinhibitoryeffectoncellmigrationandinvasion in vitro . Progesterone and PP1 cotreatment induced a cascade of molecular signaling events, such as dephosphorylation of FAK, downregulation of MMP9, VEGF, and KCNMA1 expressions. Our in vitro study demonstrated that mPR 𝛼 was expressed and functioned as an essential mediator for progesterone induced inhibitory effects on cell migration and invasion in BPBC cells. This inhibitory effect was enhanced by PP1 via FAK dephosphorylation, MMP9, VEGF, and KCNMA1 downregulation mechanisms. Our study provides a new clue toward the development of novel promising agents and pathways for inhibiting nuclear hormonal receptor-negative and endocrine-resistant breast cancers.