Antidiabetic Potential of Different Solvent Extractions of Chenopodium botrys

Aims and objectives The current study was designed to explore the antidiabetic effect of different solvent extracts of Chenopodium botrys (C. botrys). Material and methods Chemicals and equipment used in the experiment were of analytical grade. Glucometer (Mode lAccu-Chek Performa) was used for glucose assessment. C. botrys was collected in August from the area of Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The collected plant materials were washed with tap water and air-dried at room temperature for twenty days. Male mice of albino type, 8-10 week old, weighing 25-28 g were used. Diabetes was induced by injecting freshly prepared alloxan monohydrate (98%) in distilled water with injection volume 20ml/kg at a dose of 90mg/kg (I.P) to the study groups. Results Results revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins and tannins in the crude extracts of C. botrys. Flavonoids, phenols and tannins were detected in all three extracts while the alkaloids test was negative for all three extracts. Similarly, saponins were only detected in methanol and ethanol extracts but absent in water extract. All the extracts on treated mice did not show any sign of toxicity during study period. Oral administration of extracts and standard drug significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose levels in methanol, ethanol, water and glibenclamide groups as compared to a diabetic control group. The blood-glucoselowering effect was more pronounced in methanol extracts at a dose of 1g/kg when orally administered. Conclusion From this study it can be concluded that C. botrys methanolic extract exhibited the antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. This study had validated the folklore use of C. botrysfor the cure of diabetes. Irfan Ullah1, Sajjad Haider1*, Muhammad Masood Tariq Kiani2 1Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan 2 Center for Advanced studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Submitted: 23 September 2021 Accepted: 29 September 2021 Published: 30 October 2021 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Sajjad Haider et al. Ijppr.Human, 2021; Vol. 22 (3): 416-425. 417 INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia either caused by a defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, as well as disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Polyuria, thirst, blurred vision, weight loss, and genital yeast infection are the most common symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus (World Health Organization, 2019). Diabetes mellitus exist in two main forms; Type I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). T1DM is the result of autoimmune β cells destruction characterized by lack of insulin secretion whereas T2DM is due to progressive loss of β cells function caused by insulin resistance (Katsarou et al., 2017). Both forms of DM is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, environmental factors as well as concurrent illness, autoimmunity, insulin resistance, inflammation, proteomic and metabolic process (Alonso-Magdalena, Quesada, & Nadal, 2011; Mlinar, Marc, Janež, & Pfeifer, 2007; Stankov, Benc, & Draskovic, 2013). International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported in diabetes atlas 9 edition that globally approximately 463 million adults are living with diabetes and this number will rise to 700 million by 2045 (International Diabetes Federation, 2019). Good glycemic control in DMs has shown to prevent macrovascular and microvascular complications (Feingold, 2019). Nonpharmacological therapy such as a healthy diet, regular physical activity and weight loss has crucial role in the treatment of diabetes (Nagi & Gallen, 2010). Pharmacological therapy is essential in the treatment of diabetes and prevention of microvascular and macrovascular complications and includes insulin preparation, sulfonylureas, glinides, biguanides, thiazolidinedione, α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, sodiumglucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor (Brunton, Hilal-Dandan, & Knollmann, 2018). In recent years, herbal medicines due to less side effects and affordable prices have attracted health practitioners and people to use them for the treatment of DM. In addition, research on hypoglycemic agents from plant has gained importance throughout the world. Since ancient times, peoples used folklore medicine of plants origin for the cure of DM (Ríos, Francini, & Schinella, 2015). Within this context, Chenopodium botrys (C. botrys) is a flowering plant in the genus chenopodium. C. botrys is an annual herb growing to 0.6 m (2ft). The plant is in flower from July to October and seeds ripen in this period. This plant is indigenous to the Europe, Asia, and much of North America (Morteza-Semnani, 2015). Review of different research articles has shown that C. botrys is utilized for the treatment of jaundice, diabetes, liver disease, fever, headache, itching, healing, stomachache, cough, expectorant, www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Sajjad Haider et al. Ijppr.Human, 2021; Vol. 22 (3): 416-425. 418 hypertension, disturbed menstruation, digestive disorder, asthma, abdominal problem, uterus problem, and as well as anthelmintic, diuretic, laxative, tonic and anticonvulsant (MortezaSemnani, 2015). Different studies conducted on phytochemical screening of C. botrys revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, anthraquinone, saponins, and phenols compounds (Kokanova-Nedialkova, Nedialkov, & Nikolov, 2009; MortezaSemnani, 2015). A review of a research study has shown that C. botrys exhibited antibacterial, antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antinociceptive properties as well as enzyme inhibitory properties including acetylcholinesterase, α amylase, α glucosidase, and butyrylcholinesterase (Uddin, Rauf, Siddiqui, Khan, & Ullah, 2016). Therefore it is believed that components in C. botrys do have the antidiabetic potential that can be used against DM. Therefore the current study was designed to explore the antidiabetic effect of different solvent extracts of C. botrys. We believe that the activity (if reported) can shape as a potential treatment option for DM for healthcare system and a proposal for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS