The observed Agulhas Retroflection behaviors during 1993‐2018

Near the southern tip of the African continent, the Agulhas Current retroflects eastward to feed the Agulhas Return Current, giving rise to the Agulhas Retroflection (AR). The AR is dynamically unstable and radiates eddies and rings that constitute a portion of the Agulhas leakage. In this study, by analyzing 26 years (1993-2018) of updated satellite altimetry data, the spatial and temporal characteristic of the surface AR point are revisited. By adopting a refined identification algorithm of the AR point, we show that the AR longitude (X-AR) fluctuates widely between 7 degrees and 27 degrees E on timescales ranging from days to months, without a stable seasonal cycle. The X-AR variability also shows evident temporal asymmetry with shorter residence time at western positions. The retreat of the AR from the western to eastern positions tends to be swift, with 46% of the events completed in one day. In comparison, the intrusion from the eastern to western positions is much slower, with 32% of the events taking more than one month. The energy transfer from the mean flow to mesoscale eddies is likely the primary regime underlying the AR variability. Further analysis suggests that the AR variability causes sea surface temperature anomalies of similar to 0.5 degrees C through anomalous advection and thereby gives rise to turbulent heat flux anomalies of similar to 10 W m(-2), exerting potential impacts on the local climate.