Final Results of Neoadjuvant Atezolizumab in Cisplatin-ineligible Patients with Muscle-invasive Urothelial Cancer of the Bladder

Background: Neoadjuvant immunotherapies hold promise in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).Objective: To report on 2-yr disease-free (DFS) and overall (OS) survival including novel tissue-based biomarkers and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the ABACUS trial.Design, setting, and participants: ABACUS was a multicenter, single-arm, neoadjuvant, phase 2 trial, including patients with MIBC (T2-4aN0M0) who were ineligible for or refused neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Intervention: Two cycles of atezolizumab were given prior to radical cystectomy. Serial tissue and blood samples were collected. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The primary endpoints of pathological complete response (pCR) rate and dynamic changes to T-cell biomarkers were published previously. Secondary outcomes were 2-yr DFS and OS. A biomarker analysis correlated with relapse-free survival (RFS) was performed, which includes FOXP3, major histocom-patibility complex class I, CD8/CD39, and sequential ctDNA measurements.Results and limitations: The median follow-up time was 25 mo (95% confidence interval [CI] 25-26). Ninety-five patients received at least one cycle of atezolizumab. Eight patients did not undergo cystectomy (only one due to disease progression). The pCR rate was 31% (27/88; 95% CI 21-41). Two-year DFS and OS were 68% (95% CI 58-76) and 77% (95% CI 68-85), respectively. Two-year DFS in patients achieving a pCR was 85% (95% CI 65-94). Baseline PD-L1 and tumor mutational burden did not correlate with RFS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.60 [95% CI 0.24-1.5], p = 0.26, and 0.72 [95% CI 0.31-1.7], p = 0.46, respec-tively). RFS correlated with high baseline stromal CD8+ (HR 0.25 [95% CI 0.09-0.68], p = 0.007) and high post-treatment fibroblast activation protein (HR 4.1 [95% CI 1.3- 13], p = 0.01). Circulating tumor DNA positivity values at baseline, after neoadjuvant therapy, and after surgery were 63% (25/40), 47% (14/30), and 14% (five/36), respectively. The ctDNA status was highly prognostic at all time points. No relapses were observed in ctDNA-negative patients at baseline and after neoadjuvant therapy. The lack of random-ization and exploratory nature of the biomarker analysis are limitations of this work.Conclusions: Neoadjuvant atezolizumab in MIBC is associated with clinical responses and high DFS. CD8+ expression and serial ctDNA levels correlated with outcomes, and may contribute to personalized therapy in the future.Patient summary: We showed that bladder cancer patients receiving immunotherapy followed by cystectomy have good long-term outcomes. Furthermore, we found that cer-tain biological features can predict patients who might have particular benefit from this therapy.(c) 2022 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.