The Role of Aquifers in Sustaining the Sponge City Concept in Chinese High-Density Housing

Chinese cities and megacities occupy large areas with high population densities. These urban sectors have extensive impervious surfaces and import large amounts of water from pristine sources, putting pressure on the urban drainage systems during storms. To reduce flood risk and tackle water scarcity, the Chinese government promulgated the Sponge City concept: an ensemble of absorbing features, including permeable pavements and green roofs, to reduce urban runoff and increase water storage. We evaluate the benefits of merging the urban aquifer with conventional Sponge City features by simulating stormwater storage in aquifers with a groundwater model (MODFLOW) and a stormwater management model (SWMM). The urban aquifers of an ideal district, characterized by high-density housing and a flat morphology, collect and dissipate extreme rains (200 mm in 6 h) when the hydraulic conductivity of the subsoil is higher than 1 center dot 10(-5) m/s, roughly corresponding to a medium productive aquifer. Economic and ecological benefits at the catchment scale are also discussed. Suitable shallow aquifers are individuated and discussed throughout China via a hydrogeological and geomorphological approach. The proposed method increases the percentage of water that can be controlled above that obtained through conventional Sponge City features.