From slab to surface: Earthquake evidence for fluid migration at Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia

Uturuncu volcano is situated in the Bolivian Andes, directly above the world's largest crustal body of silicic partial melt, the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB). Uturuncu last erupted 250,000 years ago, yet is seismically active and lies at the centre of a 70 km diameter uplifted region. Here, we analyse seismicity from 2009 to 2012. Our earthquake locations, using a newly developed velocity model, delineate the top and bottom of the APMB, reveal individual faults, and reconcile differences in depth distribution between previous studies. Spatial clustering analysis of these earthquakes reveals the orientations of the faults, which match stress orientations from seismic anisotropy. Earthquake b-values derived from moment magnitudes (1.44 +/- 0.06) differ significantly from those using local magnitude measurements (0.80 +/- 0.03). From these observations and theoretical justification, we suggest that, if possible, moment magnitudes should be used for accurate b-value analysis. We interpret b-values > 1 in terms of fluid-enhanced seismicity. Shallow seismicity local to Uturuncu yields b-values > 1.1 with some temporal variation, suggesting fluid migration along pre-existing faults in a shallow hydrothermal system, likely driven by advection from the APMB. Intriguingly, events deeper than the APMB also yield large b-values (1.4), mapping the ascent into the lower crust of fluids that we infer as originating from a subducting slab. Cumulatively, these results provide a picture of an active magmatic system, where fluids are exchanged across the more ductile APMB, feeding a shallow, fault-controlled hydrothermal system. Such pathways of fluid ascent may influence our understanding of arc volcanism, control future volcanic eruptions and promote the accumulation of shallow hydrothermal ore deposits. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.