Effect of post-harvest practices on greenhouse gas emissions in rice paddies: flooding regime and straw management

Aims To assess 1) the effect of the combination of flooding (winter flooding vs. non-winter flooding; WFL vs NWF) and timing of straw incorporation (early vs late straw incorporation; ESI vs LSI) in the post-harvest of paddy agrosystem, on a year-round global balance of greenhouse gases (GHG) exchanges, i.e. methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O); 2) the impact on the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) and 3) the resulting net global warming potential (GWP). Methods A field experiment was conducted with fortnightly samplings of main GHG emissions. Effect of the studied factors on GHG emissions was seasonally assessed. The net GWP is estimated from the balance between GHG (CH 4 and N 2 O) and NECB. Results NWF-LSI reduced net GWP by 206% compared to conventional post-harvest management (WFL-ESI). NECB was similar in all treatments. Avoiding winter flooding reduced CH 4 emissions significantly in the post-harvest and next growing seasons, while delay straw incorporation prevented CH 4 and CO 2 emissions during post-harvest. None of the treatments increased N 2 O emission. Environmental implications of post-harvest management options are discussed. Conclusions Post-harvest management affects net GWP of the paddy rice cultivation by modifying GHG emissions in post-harvest and next growing season without compromise sequestration C budget. The combination of non-winter flooding and late straw incorporation strategies were more effective in reducing both CH 4 and CO 2 emissions, due to avoiding higher temperatures at the time of the straw incorporation during post-harvest and increasing soil Eh conditions at the following growing season.