Long-Term Decline in Harvester Termites in Madagascar following Multiple Barrier Treatments with Fipronil against Migratory Locust

Mounds of the harvester termite Coarctotermes clepsydra (Sjostedt) (Isoptera: Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) are a typical feature of savanna woodlands in Madagascar. With densities of up to 300 termitaria ha(-1), this species provides key ecosystem services and is an important food source for wildlife. Following large-scale aerial blanket and barrier treatments with the insecticide fipronil to control an outbreak of migratory locust in the late 1990s, evidence emerged that C. clepsydra and related food webs were adversely affected. However, neither the scale nor the duration of the effects were known. The present ex post study investigated the recovery of C. clepsydra populations subjected to multiple barrier treatments against hopper bands in 1998 and 1999 at estimated cumulative dose rates of 1.7-3.4 g fipronil ha(-1). At the time of the survey in 2007, both the density of occupied termitaria (30.2 versus 106.8 mounds ha(-1)) and mound occupancy (24.3% versus 70.0%) were significantly lower in repeatedly sprayed so-called hotspots than in unsprayed areas. The overall adverse effect (mortality in sprayed areas corrected for mortality in unsprayed areas) was E = 64.4%. The main outcome of this study is a strikingly low resilience of C. clepsydra populations, which did not recover in hotspots within eight years, with likely repercussions on food webs. This study shows that the environmental benefits of barrier treatments are forfeited if the same areas are treated repeatedly during the same campaign. Recommendations are given for the mitigation of these risks.