Full-spectrum Multiphoton Autofluorescence Imaging with Temporal Focusing

Two-photon excitation (TPE) of retinal fluorophores has allowed for monitoring of metabolic transformation in the retina and provided information about biochemical events that precede structural damage to the retina, thereby accelerating the development of therapies against blinding diseases. However, when applying to rabbits and non-human primate models, TPE suffers from the low NA (0.1-0.2) issue of the eyes, which significantly reduces the autofluorescence signal and leads to the poor quality of the retina images.