Stepwise allomorphic transformations by alkaline and ethylenediamine treatments on bamboo crystalline cellulose for enhanced enzymatic digestibility

Efficient modification and decrystallization of cellulose I beta in lignocellulosic biomass are potential ways to overcome biomass recalcitrance and facilitates enzymatic degradation. Herein, we have treated moso bamboo and microcrystalline cellulose separately by either alkali or ethylenediamine (EDA) treatments, as well as using both in succession. The pretreatments successfully transformed the initial cellulose I beta allomorph into cellulose II, IIII, and cellulose IIIII. Crystal structures and crystallinities were determined by Rietveld X-ray diffraction and CP/MAS C-13 NMR. Comparatively, the samples that were sequentially treated by EDA and NaOH had low crystallinity (similar to 50%), larger d-spacings of similar to 4.4 angstrom for the hydrophobic (110) planes, and less condensed microfibrillar aggregation. The factors simultaneously contributed to as high enzymatic hydrolysis yield as 89.5% and 91.7% respectively, followed by the yields of mercerized cellulose II and cellulose IIIII allomorph. The stepwise allomorphic transformations may provide new strategies on improving efficiency of saccharification process and biomass utilization.