Influence of Zones of Pre-Existing Crustal Weakness on Strain Localization and Partitioning During Rifting: Insights From Analog Modeling Using High-Resolution 3D Digital Image Correlation

Pre-existing crustal structures are known to influence rifting, but the factors controlling their influence remain poorly understood. We present results of digital image correlation that allows for the surface strain analysis of a series of analog rifting experiments designed to test the influence of the size, orientation, depth, and geometry of pre-existing crustal weak zones on strain localization and partitioning. We apply distributed basal extension to crustal-scale models consisting of a silicone weak zone embedded in a quartz sand layer. We vary the size and orientation (alpha-angle) of the weak zone with respect to the extension direction, reduce the thickness of the sand layer to simulate a shallow weak zone, and vary the geometry of the weak zone. Our results show that at higher alpha-angle (>= 60 degrees) both small-scale and large-scale weak zones localize strain into graben-bounding (oblique-) normal faults. At lower alpha-angle (<= 45 degrees), small-scale weak zones do not localize strain effectively, unless they are shallow. In most models, we observe diffuse, second-order strike-slip intra-graben structures, which are conjugate and antithetic under orthogonal and oblique extension, respectively. Generally, the observed spectrum of rift faulting styles (from discrete fault planes to diffuse fault zones, from normal to oblique and strike-slip) highlights the sensitivity of rift architecture to the orientation, size, depth, and geometry of pre-existing weak zones. Our generic models are comparable to observations from many natural rift systems like the North Sea and East Africa, and thus have implications for understanding the role of structural inheritance in rift basins.