Visual and instrumental coverage error of two dental shade guides: an in vivo study

Objectives This study aims to evaluate in vivo the color agreement between natural teeth and dental shade guides by means of visual and instrumental coverage error ( CE ) index. Materials and methods The color of the middle third of 735 incisors was visually determined by two evaluators using the Vita Classical (VC) and Vita 3D Master (V3DM) shade guides. The color match between the natural tooth and the shade tab was rated as poor (P), good (G), or optimum (O) by each observer. CIE color coordinates of the target teeth and shade tabs of VC and V3DM were instrumentally measured using a clinical spectrophotometer. Visual ( CE_V ) and instrumental ( CE_I ) coverage error indexes were computed using CIELAB and CIEDE2000 metrics for both shade guides. For CE_V calculation, only the concordant inter-observer determination on tooth shade rated as O–O or O–G was used. The results were evaluated using perceptibility (PT, Δ E_ab^* = 1.2, Δ E_00 = 0.8) and acceptability (AT, Δ E_ab^* = 2.7, Δ E_00 = 1.8) color thresholds for dentistry. Results VC and V3DM exhibited CE_I (2.5, 3.2, and 3.2, 2.7 CIELAB units; 1.9, 2.3, and 2.8, 2.4 CIEDE2000 units, respectively, for O–O and O–G match) and CE_V (4.7, 4.8, and 4.1, 4.6 CIELAB units; 3.3, 3.4, and 3.4, 3.6 CIEDE2000 units, respectively, for O–O and O–G match) values greater than 50:50