Quantifying Biomarkers of Axonal Degeneration in Early Glaucoma to Find the Disc at Risk

To evaluate regional axonal-related parameters as a function of disease stage in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and visual field (VF) sensitivity. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to acquire 20° scans of POAG (n = 117) or healthy control (n = 52) human optic nerve heads (ONHs). Region specific and mean nerve fibre layer (NFL) thicknesses, border NFL and peripapillary NFL, minimum rim width (MRW)/ area (MRA) and prelamina thickness; and volume were compared across POAG disease stages and with visual field sensitivity. Differences identified between early glaucoma (EG), preperimetric glaucoma (PG) and control (C) ONHs included thinner PG prelamina regions than in controls ( p < 0.05). Mean border NFL was thinner in EG ( p < 0.001) and PG ( p = 0.049) compared to control eyes; and EG mean, and inferior and ST, border NFL was thinner than in PG ( p < 0.01). Mean, superior and inferior PG peripapillary NFL were thinner than in controls ( p < 0.05), and EG ST peripapillary NFL was thinner than in PG ( p = 0.023). MRW differences included: PG SN and inferior less than in controls ( p < 0.05); thinner EG mean regional, inferior, nasal, and ST MRW versus PG MRW ( p < 0.05). Regional border NFL, peripapillary NFL, MRW, MRA, prelamina thickness (except centre, p = 0.127) and prelamina volume ( p < 0.05) were significantly associated with VF mean deviation (MD). Novel axon-derived indices hold potential as biomarkers to detect early glaucoma and identify ONHs at risk.