Vertical Propagation of Submeso and Coherent Structure in a Tall and Dense Amazon Forest in Different Stability Conditions PART I: Flow Structure Within and above the Roughness Sublayer

Observations of the vertical structure of the turbulent flow in different stability regimes above and within the Amazon Forest at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) site have been presented in Part I. Here, the influence of stability on the inception and development of coherent structures is investigated. According to the mixing-layer analogy the coherent vortices that dominate the turbulent flows at the canopy-atmosphere interface are generated by hydrodynamical instabilities triggered by an inflection in the vertical profile of the mean wind speed at or near the canopy top. The coherent motions time, T-peak and separation length scale, lambda, depend on the shear length scale, Ls, close to the canopy top. The present analysis studies the characteristics of L-s, T-peak and lambda in the five stability regimes defined in Part I. The behaviour of L-s with stability is evaluated and parameterized. L-s increases with decreasing stability, presenting two asymptotes for large unstable and stable stratification and a linear behaviour close to neutral stratification. Coherent structures and their timescale are detected with an original method based on the auto-correlation functions of 5-min subsets of turbulent quantities. The vertical time scale is larger in neutral conditions and decreases for both increasing and decreasing stability. At the canopy top the separation length scale presents a linear dependence on Ls, whose slope is maximum in neutral conditions and decreases departing from neutrality. An original parameterization of the dependence of this slope on h/L, where h is the canopy height and L is the Obukhov length, is shown. Combining the parameterizations, the dependence of the separation length scale is finally presented. lambda has a maximum for slightly unstable conditions, linearly decreases towards neutral and weakly stable stratifications and then it tends to zero for very intense unstable and stable stratifications.