Storage and redistribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the western North Pacific: The role of subtropical mode water transportation

Oceanic uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 (CANT) are regulated by ocean circulation and ventilation. To decipher the storage and redistribution of CANT in the western North Pacific, where a major CANT sink develops, we investigated the water column carbonate system, dissolved inorganic radiocarbon and ancillary parameters in May and August 2018, spanning the Kuroshio Extension (KE, 35-39 degrees N), Kuroshio Recirculation (KR, 27-35 degrees N) and subtropical (21-27 degrees N) zones. Water column CANT inventories were estimated to be 40.5 +/- 1.1 mol m- 2 in the KR zone and 37.2 +/- 0.9 mol m- 2 in the subtropical zone. In comparison with historical data obtained in 2005, relatively high rates of increase of the CANT inventory of 1.05 +/- 0.20 and 1.03 +/- 0.12 mol m- 2 yr- 1 in the recent decade were obtained in the KR and subtropical zones, respectively. Our water-mass-based analyses suggest that formation and transport of subtropical mode water dominate the deep penetration, storage, and redistribution of CANT in those two regions. In the KE zone, however, both the water column CANT inventory and the decadal CANT accumulation rate were small and uncertain owing to the dynamic hydrology, where the naturally uplifting isopycnal surfaces make CANT penetration relatively shallow. The findings of this study improve the understanding of the spatiotemporal variations of CANT distribution, storage, and transport in the western North Pacific.