Molecular Features of Pancreaticobiliary Neoplasms: Implications for Diagnosis, Prognostication, and Therapy Selection.

BACKGROUND:Molecular diagnostics has impacted the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis, and selection of targeted therapy for many tumor types. While pulmonary adenocarcinomas and melanomas are among the neoplasms most associated with molecular diagnostics and targeted therapy, malignancies of the pancreaticobiliary system have also been impacted by precision medicine.METHODS:We undertook an electronic search using PubMed and Embase to review the published literature to determine what forms of molecular testing, mutations and oncogenetic pathways are associated with neoplasms of the pancreaticobiliary system. Keywords utilized were pancreas, bile duct, mutations, ERCP, FNA, KRAS, SMAD4, TP53, next-generation sequencing, serous cystadenoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, cystic mucinous neoplasm, solid pseudo-papillary neoplasm.RESULTS:A search between 1999 and 2022 yielded 6874 manuscripts. Screening of these yielded 302 more focused manuscripts of which 55 were used for the study. Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is associated with a progression of mutations beginning wit KRAS mutations and ending with a set of mutations in the TP53, SMAD4, and DPC4 genes. Similar mutations are found in neoplastic mucinous cysts. Specific mutations characterize serous cystadenomas, solid, and pseudo papillary neoplasms and adenocarcinomas of the bile ducts.CONCLUSIONS:Mutational analysis of cytologic specimens obtained by fine-needle aspiration, and duct brushings and washings are helpful in the diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary neoplasms and may supply prognostic information.