Association Between Diabetic Retinopathy and Insomnia Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested a close link between sleep disturbances and diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, to date, no confirmatory findings have been reported. We aimed to explore the risk of insomnia in DR by considering demographic factors and diabetes mellitus (DM)-related variables. MethodsA nationwide population-based cohort of 2,206,619 patients with type 2 diabetes from the Korean National Insurance Service Database was followed up for insomnia incidence. DR, non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR) were defined according to ICD-10 codes. The interactive effects of sex, age, and DM-related variables were analyzed to evaluate their impact on insomnia risk in DR. ResultsCompared with the non-DR group, insomnia risk was increased in the DR [(adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.125, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.108-1.142), NPDR (aHR:1.117, 95% CI:1.099-1.134), and PDR (aHR:1.205, 95% CI: 1.156-1.256), even after controlling for comorbidities, lifestyle factors, and DM-related variables. The men and youngest age groups (<40 years) were most vulnerable to insomnia risk. Sex, age, DM duration, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) status exerted interactive effects with DR status in increasing the insomnia risk. In the PDR group, sex, age, DM duration, insulin therapy status, and CKD status exerted interactive effects that increased the risk of insomnia. ConclusionInsomnia risk is significantly higher in patients with DR, and clinical attention is warranted.