Cross Talk Between Gut Microbiota and Host Immune Cells

It has been extensively recognized that large numbers of microorganisms inhabit in our gastrointestinal tract. In recent years gut microbiota has attracted considerable and significant attention due to its diverse and extensive impacts on various aspects of the host’s pathophysiology. Numerous studies have approved that vital communication between the intestinal microbiota and immune cells, performed an essential role in the induction, development, training as well as the function of the host’s immune response. The gut microbial communities are essential and support to establish a mutualistic relationship on various levels. This host–microbial relationship influences the host immune system’s development and homeostasis. This combination of gut microbiota and the immune system allows protective responses to pathogens and is also linked to the maintenance of regulatory pathways that offer tolerance to mild antigens. Here, in this chapter, we review the latest research on the role of the interactions between gut microbiota and immune system cross talk as well as the implications of these findings on human health. We also confer microbiome modulation strategies and ongoing studies as well as potential research areas that merit concentrated research efforts.