Magnetic field driven dynamics in twisted bilayer artificial spin ice at superlattice angles

Geometrical designs of interacting nanomagnets have been studied extensively in the form of two-dimensional arrays called artificial spin ice. These systems are usually designed to create geometrical frustration and are of interest for the unusual and often surprising phenomena that can emerge. Advanced lithographic and element growth techniques have enabled the realization of complex designs that can involve elements arranged in three dimensions. Using numerical simulations employing the dumbbell approximation, we examine possible magnetic behaviors for bilayer artificial spin ice, in which the individual layers are rotated with respect to one another. The goal is to understand how magnetization dynamics are affected by long-range dipolar coupling that can be modified by varying the layer separation and layer alignment through rotation. We consider bilayers where the layers are both either square or pinwheel arrangements of islands. Magnetic reversal processes are studied and discussed in terms of domain and domain wall configurations of the magnetic islands. Unusual magnetic ordering is predicted for special angles that define lateral spin superlattices for the bilayer systems. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.