Fe Engineering on Ru Nanosheets for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution in pH-Universal Media

Fe-modified Ru nanosheets are achieved via preintercalated Al species serving as the self-sacrificial template. Benefiting from the amphoteric feature of Al and strong corrosion of Fe3+ ions, Fe is effectively incorporated into pristine Ru nanosheets. Correspondingly, the surface oxophilicity is improved, promoting the Volmer step. The charge density redistribution weakens hydrogen combination on Ru and thus accelerates the desorption kinetics (Heyrovsky step). Meanwhile, more defective sites are exposed, leading to an enhanced hydrogen production in pH-universal electrolytes.