Revisiting the 2003-18 Deep Ocean Warming through Multiplatform Analysis of the Global Energy Budget

Recent estimates of the global warming rates suggest that approximately 9% of Earth's excess heat has been cumulated in the deep and abyssal oceans (below 2000-m depth) during the last two decades. Such estimates assume stationary trends deducted as long-term rates. To reassess the deep ocean warming and potentially shed light on its interannual variability, we formulate the balance between Earth's energy imbalance (EEI), the steric sea level, and the ocean heat content (OHC), at yearly time scales during the 2003-18 period, as a variational problem. The solution is achieved through variational minimization, merging observational data from top-of-atmosphere EEI, inferred from Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), steric sea level estimates from altimetry minus gravimetry, and upper-ocean heat content estimates from in situ platforms (mostly Argo floats). Global ocean reanalyses provide background-error covariances for the OHC analysis. The analysis indicates a 2000-m-bottom warming of 0.08 +/- 0.04 W m(-2) for the period 2003-18, equal to 13% of the total ocean warming (0.62 +/- 0.08 W m(-2)), slightly larger than previous estimates but consistent within the error bars. The analysis provides a fully consistent optimized solution also for the steric sea level and EEI. Moreover, the simultaneous use of the different heat budget observing networks is able to decrease the analysis uncertainty with respect to the observational one, for all observation types and especially for the 0-700-m OHC and steric sea level (more than 12% reduction). The sensitivity of the analysis to the choice of the background time series proved insignificant. Significance StatementSeveral observing networks provide complementary information about the temporal evolution of the global energy budget. Here, satellite observations of Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) and steric sea level and in situ-derived estimates of ocean heat content anomalies are combined in a variational analysis framework, with the goal of assessing the deep ocean warming. The optimized solution accounts for the uncertainty of the different observing networks. Furthermore, it provides fully consistent analyses of global ocean heat content, steric sea level, and EEI, which show smaller uncertainty than the original observed time series. The deep ocean (below 2000-m depth) exhibits a significant warming of 0.08 +/- 0.04 W m(-2) for the period 2003-18, equal to the 13% of the total ocean warming.