Modafinil does not reduce cocaine use in methadone-maintained individuals

•This study tested the effectiveness of modafinil in combination with contingency management, for reducing cocaine and opioid use and improving cognitive function.•We randomized 91 individuals with cocaine and opioid use disorder into a 17-week,.•Double-blind, randomized controlled trial (4 treatment arms).•Modafinil was no more effective than placebo in reducing cocaine use or improving cognitive performance.•These findings do not support the potential use of modafinil for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.