Little Ice Age climate in southernmost Greenland inferred from quantitative geospatial analyses of alpine glacier reconstructions

Alpine glaciers are sensitive responders to climate fluctuations, especially to changes in summer temperature, and thus their past extents are invaluable indicators of past climate. Here, we leverage geomorphological evidence of past glacier extent to reconstruct the three-dimensional surfaces of 42 land-terminating paleoglaciers in southernmost Greenland and calculate their equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) during the presumed coldest interval of the Little Ice Age (LIA). We compare LIA paleoglacier ELAs with observed modern glacier ELAs (i.e. snowlines) to estimate the LIA summer temperature depression relative to present. On average, we find that ELAs rose 122 ± 64 m since the LIA, which corresponds to a summer temperature change of 1.1± 0.6 ° C, assuming no change in precipitation. Because there are minimal constraints on LIA precipitation anomalies in southernmost Greenland, we also report summer temperature changes for precipitation values ranging from a substantially drier to substantially wetter than modern LIA. When compared with independent temperature evidence, our results suggest LIA precipitation was similar to or slightly less than today. The alpine glaciers studied lost (on average) 56± 16% of their area and 44± 13% of their centerline length between the LIA culmination and 2019 CE. In general, smaller and lower elevation glaciers lost larger fractions of their area. We find no clear geographic patterns in the magnitudes of ELA, area, or length changes across the 9000 km2 study area despite its heterogeneous climate. This study demonstrates a workflow for regional-scale paleoglacier reconstruction and provides the first quantitative LIA summer paleotemperature estimate for southernmost Greenland via region-wide glacial evidence. Our work also suggests the need for reconstruction of a large number of glaciers to infer past regional climatic information, as individual glaciers may respond heterogeneously to climate perturbations leading to variable changes in their ELA and length.