Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized With Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device-Related Infective Endocarditis, Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis, and Native Valve Endocarditis: A Nationwide Study, 2003 to 2017

Background Most published reports describing outcomes of patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device-related infective endocarditis (CIED-IE) are single-center studies with small patient sample sizes. The goal of this study was to utilize population-based data to assess trends in CIED-IE hospitalization and to compare outcomes between patients hospitalized with CIED-IE, prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE), and native valve endocarditis (NVE). Methods and Results A query of the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) database between 2003 and 2017 identified 646 325 patients hospitalized with infective endocarditis in the United States of whom 585 974 (90%) had NVE, 27 257 (4.2%) had CIED-IE, and 26 111 (4%) had PVE. There was a 509% increase in CIED-IE hospitalizations in the United States from 2003 to 2017 (P trend<0.001). In-hospital mortality and length of stay associated with CIED-IE decreased during the study period from 15% and 20 days in 2003 to 9.7% and 19 days in 2017 (P trend=0.032 and 0.018, respectively). The in-hospital mortality rate was lower in patients hospitalized with CIED-IE (9.2%) than in patients with PVE (12%) and NVE (12%). Length of stay was longest in the CIED-IE group (17 compared with 14 days for both NVE and PVE). Hospital costs were highest for the CIED-IE group ($56 000 compared with $37 000 in NVE and $45 000 in PVE). Conclusions Despite the fact that the number of comorbidities per patient with CIED-IE increased during the study period, mortality rate and hospital length of stay decreased. The mortality rate was significantly lower for patients with CIED-IE than for patients with NVE and PVE. Patients with CIED-IE had the longest lengths of stay and highest hospital costs.