Early Cambrian S-type granites in the Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey: A record for transition from subduction to post-collisional extension deduced from UPb zircon age and NdHf isotopes

Cadomian realms have recently received much attention in the Alpine–Mediterranean orogenic belts, with discontinuous outcrops extending from the Alps to the İstanbul Zone, Menderes Massif, Taurides in Turkey and Iran as well. However, they have not been identified in the Sakarya Zone, northern Turkey to date. Here, we present, for the first time, zircon UPb geochronology, zircon Hf-isotopes and trace elements as well as whole-rock geochemistry and Nd-isotopes from the Karameşe metagranitoid in the Yusufeli (Artvin) area, NE Turkey. The zircon UPb age data demonstrate that the Karameşe metagranitoid intruded into the Precambrian basement units in the Early Cambrian (ca. 534–530 Ma). Zircon overgrowths in the Karameşe metagranitoid interpreted as a result of metamorphic overprint yielded ages of 328 Ma. This age indicates that the Sakarya Zone experienced the Variscan metamorphic events at 328 Ma. The Early Cambrian metagranitoid shows that some rocks in the basement of the Sakarya Zone date back to Precambrian in age. The Karameşe metagranitoid is an S-type granite, with high modal content of muscovite (~10%). The samples show highly peraluminous [A/CNK = molar Al2O3/(CaO + K2O + Na2O) = 1.34–1.58] and medium-K calc-alkaline geochemical affinities. The Karameşe metagranitoid displays low REE concentrations and a slight positive Eu anomaly and show slightly light REEs and LILEs enrichments, and HFSEs depletions. The samples have negative εNd(t) of −4.76 to −2.90 and εHf (t) of −4.75 to −1.08 values. These geochemical-isotopic characteristics reveal that the Karamaşe metagranitoid originated through fluid-absent muscovite dehydration melting of heterogeneous metasedimentary source rocks (mostly greywacke), with a minor input of juvenile mafic melt. We argue that the Early Paleozoic metagranitoids along the eastern Sakarya Zone is an expression of crustal thinning in the Cadomian orogenic belt in northern Gondwana, with the tectonic turnover from convergent margin to crustal extension possibly induced by break-off of Tornquist oceanic lithosphere which is a branch of Iapetus Ocean during Early Cambrian.