Analysis of a Stochastic Single-Species Model with Intraspecific Cooperation

The present article formulates and dissects a single-species model with intraspecific cooperation and stochastic perturbations. Sufficient criteria for extinction and permanence are provided. In addition, the existence of a unique ergodic stationary distribution (UESD) is dissected, and the explicit form of the density function of the UESD is obtained under some conditions. Finally, the theoretical outcomes are used to study the growth of gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ) in North America, and some critical impacts of stochastic perturbations are uncovered and numerically illustrated.