Occurrence of Phenylpyrazole and Diamide Insecticides in Lactating Women and Their Health Risks for Infants br

To investigate the exposure of infants to phenylpyrazole and diamide insecticides during lactation, we collected 3467breast milk samples of lactating women from 100 cities of 24 provinces in China and prepared 100 pooled samples together city-by-city. Among phenylpyrazole insecticides,fipronil and its metabolites (63-100%) were widely detected in breast milk, with totaldetection concentrations ranging from 178 to 2947 ng/L (median: 921 ng/L). Among diamide insecticides, chlorantraniliprole andflubendiamide were detected in breast milk, but their detection frequencies (20-85%) and concentration levels (nondetected to89.9 ng/L) were far lower than those of totalfipronils. The average estimated daily intake of infants exposed to totalfipronilsthrough breast milk is 209 ng/kg-bw/day by upper-bound scenario evaluation, which is higher than the acceptable daily intake (200ng/kg-bw/day). This study indicates that infants have far higher exposure levels tofipronil than adults, while exposure levels to othertypes of phenylpyrazoles and diamide insecticides are low.