SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses Can Originate from Cross-Reactive CMV-specific T Cells

Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2) specific CD4(+ )and CD8(+) T cells in SARS- CoV- 2-unexposed donors has been explained by the presence of T cells primed by other coronaviruses. However, based on the relatively high frequency and prevalence of cross-reactive T cells, we hypothesized cytomegalovirus (CMV) may induce these cross-reactive T cells. Stimulation of pre-pandemic cryo-preserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with SARS- CoV- 2 peptides revealed that frequencies of SARS- CoV- 2-specific T cells were higher in CMVseropositive donors. Characterization of these T cells demonstrated that membrane-specific CD4(+ )and spike-specific CD8(+) T cells originate from cross-reactive CMVspecific T cells. Spike-specific CD8(+ )T cells recognize SARS- CoV- 2 spike peptide FVSNGTHWF (FVS) and dissimilar CMV pp65 peptide IPSINVHHY (IPS) presented by HLA- B*35:01. These dual IPS/FVS-reactive CD8(+) T cells were found in multiple donors as well as severe COVID- 19 patients and shared a common T cell receptor (TCR), illustrating that IPS/FVS- cross-reactivity is caused by a public TCR. In conclusion, CMVspecific T cells cross react with SARS-CoV- 2, despite low sequence homology between the two viruses, and may contribute to the pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV- 2.