Cadmium, active smoking and renal function deterioration in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association（2023）
摘要
Active smoking is associated with progressive kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. The association between cadmium concentration and renal function deterioration in large part determined by smoking status. Extensive assessment of smoking status may be useful in patients with type 2 diabetesat high risk of kidney damage.
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关键词
cadmium,kidney disease,lifestyle,smoking,type 2 diabetes
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