Reply from Authors: Defining Ventricular Distension on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Triggers to Intervene

Dr Cavayas received honoraria for lectures from the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians and grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Fonds de Recherche du Québec–Santé . All other authors reported no conflicts of interest.The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.We thank you for your kind words and your thoughtful comments.1Meani P. Kowalewski M. Raffa G.M. Lorusso R. Unloading the left ventricle in venoarterial extracorporeal life support: the urgent need of speaking the same language.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. May 14, 2022; ([Epub ahead of print])Google Scholar We completely agree that left ventricular (LV) distension can result in catastrophic effects such as thrombus formation, compromise LV recovery, and that its importance should be emphasized in the management of patients with cardiogenic shock supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A commonly agreed-upon definition of LV distension is central to future research efforts aiming to provide evidence-based management strategies. The very comprehensive definition of LV distension you propose should be adopted in that sense, as proposed in the latest version of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Guidelines.2Lorusso R. Shekar K. MacLaren G. Schmidt M. Pellegrino V. Meyns B. et al.ELSO interim guidelines for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult cardiac patients.ASAIO J. 2021; 67: 827-844Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar“Medical” unloading strategies described in the article3Cavayas Y.A. Noly P.E. Singh G. Lamarche Y. Controversies in ECMO: immediate versus watchful waiting for VA-ECMO venting.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. 2021; 8: 70-76Scopus (2) Google Scholar aim to address this very important phenomenon while avoiding the potential complications associated with mechanical unloading in selected patients in which the baseline risk of LV distension did not warrant pre-emptive mechanical unloading. Current evidence, in our opinion, does not clearly support the superiority of a prophylactic in all patients compared with a more tailored approach mechanical unloading strategy. From a purely LV loading perspective, mechanical unloading is probably always superior to medical unloading. However, multiple factors beyond the LV should be taken in consideration when managing patients in cardiogenic shock on venoarterial ECMO. Sometimes “less is more.” None of the mechanical unloading strategies are without potential severe adverse effects—may it be limb ischemia, hemolysis, or abdominal organ hypoperfusion. These complications may worsen organ dysfunction, compromise access to long-term therapies in the absence of recovery, and therefore counterbalance the potential benefits associated with decreased LV work. Until stronger evidence comes to support prophylactic mechanical unloading strategies, we advocate for an individualized approach, with careful monitoring of signs of LV distension in patients without pre-emptive unloading, proactive medical management, and rapid escalation to mechanical unloading if medical strategies fail.The strength of definition proposed by Meani and colleagues1Meani P. Kowalewski M. Raffa G.M. Lorusso R. Unloading the left ventricle in venoarterial extracorporeal life support: the urgent need of speaking the same language.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. May 14, 2022; ([Epub ahead of print])Google Scholar is that it provides clinicians with a constellation of signs on which to base management decisions. Isolated reduction in stroke volume as indicated by a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) velocity–time integral of <10 cm/s may reflect a profoundly depressed LV systolic function that may predispose to the development of LV dilatation and pulmonary congestion. However, it may also be an appropriate response to reduced LV filling in the setting of relatively high ECMO flows that drain in the circuit a high proportion of venous return. For instance, in a patient with a LVOT diameter of 2 cm, an LVOT velocity–time integral of 8 cm/s corresponds roughly to a stroke volume of 25 mL. With a heart rate of 80 beats per minute, this would still result in a cardiac output of 2 L/min. In a euvolemic patient with high ECMO flows, this may be enough to handle the limited residual transpulmonary blood flow and bronchial artery blood flow. Without overt signs of blood stasis, LV dilatation, increased LV filling pressures, and/or pulmonary congestion, it could be appropriate to hold mechanical unloading and proceed with medical management with close monitoring.We thank the authors for the opportunity to further discuss this important issue and warmly welcome their efforts to standardize the definition of LV distension. Dr Cavayas received honoraria for lectures from the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians and grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Fonds de Recherche du Québec–Santé . All other authors reported no conflicts of interest.The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest. Dr Cavayas received honoraria for lectures from the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians and grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Fonds de Recherche du Québec–Santé . All other authors reported no conflicts of interest. The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest. We thank you for your kind words and your thoughtful comments.1Meani P. Kowalewski M. Raffa G.M. Lorusso R. Unloading the left ventricle in venoarterial extracorporeal life support: the urgent need of speaking the same language.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. May 14, 2022; ([Epub ahead of print])Google Scholar We completely agree that left ventricular (LV) distension can result in catastrophic effects such as thrombus formation, compromise LV recovery, and that its importance should be emphasized in the management of patients with cardiogenic shock supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A commonly agreed-upon definition of LV distension is central to future research efforts aiming to provide evidence-based management strategies. The very comprehensive definition of LV distension you propose should be adopted in that sense, as proposed in the latest version of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Guidelines.2Lorusso R. Shekar K. MacLaren G. Schmidt M. Pellegrino V. Meyns B. et al.ELSO interim guidelines for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult cardiac patients.ASAIO J. 2021; 67: 827-844Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar “Medical” unloading strategies described in the article3Cavayas Y.A. Noly P.E. Singh G. Lamarche Y. Controversies in ECMO: immediate versus watchful waiting for VA-ECMO venting.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. 2021; 8: 70-76Scopus (2) Google Scholar aim to address this very important phenomenon while avoiding the potential complications associated with mechanical unloading in selected patients in which the baseline risk of LV distension did not warrant pre-emptive mechanical unloading. Current evidence, in our opinion, does not clearly support the superiority of a prophylactic in all patients compared with a more tailored approach mechanical unloading strategy. From a purely LV loading perspective, mechanical unloading is probably always superior to medical unloading. However, multiple factors beyond the LV should be taken in consideration when managing patients in cardiogenic shock on venoarterial ECMO. Sometimes “less is more.” None of the mechanical unloading strategies are without potential severe adverse effects—may it be limb ischemia, hemolysis, or abdominal organ hypoperfusion. These complications may worsen organ dysfunction, compromise access to long-term therapies in the absence of recovery, and therefore counterbalance the potential benefits associated with decreased LV work. Until stronger evidence comes to support prophylactic mechanical unloading strategies, we advocate for an individualized approach, with careful monitoring of signs of LV distension in patients without pre-emptive unloading, proactive medical management, and rapid escalation to mechanical unloading if medical strategies fail. The strength of definition proposed by Meani and colleagues1Meani P. Kowalewski M. Raffa G.M. Lorusso R. Unloading the left ventricle in venoarterial extracorporeal life support: the urgent need of speaking the same language.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. May 14, 2022; ([Epub ahead of print])Google Scholar is that it provides clinicians with a constellation of signs on which to base management decisions. Isolated reduction in stroke volume as indicated by a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) velocity–time integral of <10 cm/s may reflect a profoundly depressed LV systolic function that may predispose to the development of LV dilatation and pulmonary congestion. However, it may also be an appropriate response to reduced LV filling in the setting of relatively high ECMO flows that drain in the circuit a high proportion of venous return. For instance, in a patient with a LVOT diameter of 2 cm, an LVOT velocity–time integral of 8 cm/s corresponds roughly to a stroke volume of 25 mL. With a heart rate of 80 beats per minute, this would still result in a cardiac output of 2 L/min. In a euvolemic patient with high ECMO flows, this may be enough to handle the limited residual transpulmonary blood flow and bronchial artery blood flow. Without overt signs of blood stasis, LV dilatation, increased LV filling pressures, and/or pulmonary congestion, it could be appropriate to hold mechanical unloading and proceed with medical management with close monitoring. We thank the authors for the opportunity to further discuss this important issue and warmly welcome their efforts to standardize the definition of LV distension. Unloading the left ventricle in venoarterial extracorporeal life support: The urgent need of speaking the same language!JTCVS OpenVol. 11PreviewWe have read the review article entitled “Controversies in ECMO: Immediate versus Watchful Waiting for VA-ECMO Venting” by Cavayas and colleagues,1 published in the Special Issue of Invited Presentations: Adult: Mechanical Circulatory Support: Invited Expert Opinions of JTCVS Open December 2021. We congratulate the authors for this nice review article and, at the same time, provide some personal comments. Full-Text PDF Open Access