Chitosan- and/or cellulose-based materials in analytical extraction processes: A review

The application of bio-based materials in analytical chemistry has attracted increasing interest. Such materials are generally considered as possessing biocompatibility, low or negligible toxicity, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness, and have been applied as sorbents in the development of analytical sample preparation methods. Chitosan (CS) or cellulose (CL), and modified CS-/CL-based materials (collectively termed CSCLBMs) are examples of such sorbents. CSCLBMs can not only potentially address the shortcomings of conventional sorbents but also guide further improvements in analytical extraction processes. Given these points and the continuing attention on CSCLBMs, this article reviews recent advancements in the use of these substances in extraction techniques for the first time. By reviewing these global efforts, the article presents perspectives on functionalization and modification of CS or CL with different materials (hybrids, composites, etc.). It also provides guidance on CSCLBMs to better understand the capability of these materials as sorbents. This review presents the possible interaction and thus extraction mechanisms from various, and particularly complex, matrices. Current challenges and future trends and directions in relation to these materials in extraction techniques are summarized.