PAR3 restricts the expansion of neural precursor cells by regulating hedgehog signaling.

During brain development, neural precursor cells (NPCs) expand initially, and then switch to generating stage-specific neurons while maintaining self-renewal ability. Because the NPC pool at the onset of neurogenesis critically affects the final number of each type of neuron, tight regulation is necessary for the transitional timing from the expansion to neurogenic phase in these cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this transition are poorly understood. Here, we report that the telencephalon-specific loss of PAR3 before the start of neurogenesis leads to increased NPC proliferation in dispense of neurogenesis, resulting in disorganized tissue architecture. These NPCs demonstrate hyperactivation of Hedgehog signaling in a Smoothened-dependent manner, as well as defects in primary cilia. Furthermore, loss of PAR3 enhanced ligand-independent ciliary accumulation of Smoothened and an inhibitor of Smoothened ameliorated the hyperproliferation of NPCs in the telencephalon. Thus, these findings support the idea that PAR3 has a critical role in the transition of NPCs from the expansion to neurogenic phase by restricting Hedgehog signaling through the establishment of ciliary integrity.