A, B, Cs of 1,4-dioxane removal from water: Adsorption, biodegradation, and catalysis

1,4-Dioxane is a synthetic industrial chemical that is highly soluble in water and is generally considered an emerging water contaminant. The occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in water supplies is hazardous to humans, because 1,4-dioxane is classified as a probable carcinogen. Presently, there are no U.S. federal regulations for the maximum contaminant levels of 1,4-dioxane in drinking water, but several U.S. state regulations and health advisory levels have been promulgated. As such there are several recent advances in destructive and non-destructive technologies to clean up water resources contaminated with 1,4-dioxane including physical-chemical methods such as adsorption by novel or augmented materials, biological methods such as biodegradation by newly discovered organisms and communities, and catalysis-based treatment train configurations with novel materials for treatment of mixed contaminations.